Sikhism is a distinct faith that emerged in the Punjab region of South Asia in the early 16th century. It stands as one of the world’s newer major religions and ranks among the largest globally, with a following of approximately 25-30 million people. The term “Sikh” itself denotes a “disciple” or “one who seeks truth.”
At its core, Sikhism champions equality, social justice, selfless service to humanity, and respect for other faiths. Its fundamental teaching centers on unwavering devotion to God, coupled with the daily practice of virtues like honesty, compassion, humility, and generosity.
Founded by Guru Nanak Dev Ji, Sikhism espouses belief in a single, divine Creator, referred to as “Ik Onkar” (One Creator). This God is considered formless, eternal, and present everywhere. Sikhs hold that all individuals are inherently equal, transcending distinctions of caste, skin color, gender, nationality, or religious affiliation.
The Sikh way of life is built upon three foundational pillars:
- Nam Japna: Cultivating constant remembrance of God’s name, often achieved through meditative practices (Simran).
- Kirat Karni: Earning a livelihood honestly through hard work, embracing family life, and upholding truthfulness and integrity in all dealings.
- Vand Ke Chakna: Sharing one’s resources with others and actively contributing to the well-being and inspiration of the broader community.
Sikhs also strive to conquer the five common human weaknesses: lust, anger, greed, attachment, and ego.
Sikh Daily Prayers (Nitnem)
Nitnem, meaning “daily routine,” refers to the set of Sikh prayers (Gurbani) that are recited by observant Sikhs, particularly those initiated into the Khalsa. These prayers are integral to a Sikh’s spiritual discipline and are typically recited at specific times throughout the day.
Morning Recitations (Amrit Vela – early dawn):
- Japji Sahib: This foundational composition by Guru Nanak Dev Ji encapsulates the essence of Sikh philosophy.
- Jaap Sahib: A vibrant prayer penned by Guru Gobind Singh Ji, offering praise to the Divine.
- Tav-Prasad Savaiye: Also by Guru Gobind Singh Ji, these verses emphasize that genuine devotion surpasses mere ritualism.
- Chaupai Sahib: A powerful supplication by Guru Gobind Singh Ji, seeking divine protection and fortitude.
- Anand Sahib: Composed by Guru Amar Das Ji, this hymn speaks of the profound joy experienced through divine realization.
Evening Recitation:
- Rehras Sahib: Recited as the sun sets, this prayer serves as a spiritual review of the day and an expression of gratitude. It features hymns from various Gurus and is usually followed by the Ardaas.
Night Recitation:
- Kirtan Sohila: Spoken before sleep, this prayer brings peace and comfort, offering reflections on life’s impermanence.
The Ardaas is a formal, congregational prayer offered after the morning and evening Nitnem. It’s a humble petition to the Divine, seeking blessings, honoring the sacrifices of the Gurus and Sikhs, and praying for the welfare of all humanity (“Sarbat da Bhala”). It serves as a moment of profound reflection on Sikh heritage and aspirations for spiritual growth.
Sikhs often read their daily prayers from a Gutka (a small prayer book) or a Pothi (a larger, rectangular volume).
Sikh Holy Scriptures
The paramount Sikh books or the scripture in Sikhism is the Guru Granth Sahib.
- Guru Granth Sahib: This is the central holy book of Sikhism, revered by Sikhs as their ultimate, eternal Guru, succeeding the ten human Gurus. It’s not simply a text but is regarded as a living embodiment of divine wisdom. It compiles devotional writings, poetry, and hymns from seven of the Sikh Gurus (Guru Nanak, Guru Angad, Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das, Guru Arjan, and Guru Tegh Bahadur), alongside contributions from various Sikh, Sufi, Hindu, and Muslim saints. Written primarily in the Gurmukhi script, it spans 1430 pages (Angs) and receives the highest reverence. In a Gurdwara (Sikh temple), it rests on an elevated platform beneath a canopy, and Sikhs remove their footwear in its presence. The Guru Granth Sahib envisions a society rooted in divine liberty, mercy, love, monotheistic faith, and justice free from oppression.
Another significant scripture is the Dasam Granth.
- Dasam Granth: This collection largely comprises compositions attributed to Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the tenth Sikh Guru. While it does not hold the same status as the eternal Guru as the Guru Granth Sahib, it is deeply respected. It contains hymns, philosophical insights, and narratives that illuminate Sikh history, martial spirit, and philosophical principles.
The Sikh Kara and Its Importance
The Sikh Kara is one of the Five Ks (Panj Kakke), which are five distinct articles of faith worn by Sikhs who have undergone initiation into the Khalsa. The Khalsa is the collective body of initiated Sikhs, established by Guru Gobind Singh in 1699. The Five Ks are:
- Kesh (unshorn hair)
- Kangha (a wooden comb)
- Kara (a steel bracelet)
- Kachhera (cotton shorts/undergarment)
- Kirpan (a steel sword/dagger)
The Kara is a simple steel bangle worn on the wrist. Its significance is multifaceted:
- Symbol of Divine Eternity: Its unbroken circular form, without beginning or end, symbolizes the infinite and timeless nature of God (Waheguru).
- Unbreakable Connection: It represents a Sikh’s unbreakable bond and commitment to the Guru and the principles of the Sikh faith. It constantly reminds a Sikh to act in ways consistent with the Guru’s teachings.
- Discipline and Righteousness: It serves as a personal prompt for self-control and ethical conduct, encouraging virtuous actions.
- Unity and Community: As a link in the chain of the Khalsa, it signifies deep connection and solidarity among Sikhs globally.
- Practicality/Protection: Historically, a steel bracelet could offer some minor protection to the wrist in combat situations.
- Spiritual, Not Ornamental: Being made of plain steel rather than precious metals, the Kara emphasizes its role as a spiritual symbol of commitment, not merely a decorative item.
Wearing the Kara, along with the other Four Ks, is more than an external display of faith; it’s a profound personal pledge to the Sikh ideals of equality, justice, compassion, and living according to the Guru’s wisdom.